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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-± (PPAR-±), a lipid activated transcription factor of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, can relieve pain through a rapid-response mechanism. However, little is known about the underlying mens reebok trainers mechanism. Herein, we report that PPAR-± activation acutely inhibits the functional activity of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), key sensors for extracellular protons, in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Pre-application of PPAR-± agonist GW7647 for 2 min decreased the reebok pump amplitude of proton-gated currents mediated by ASICs in a concentration-dependent manner.
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are a family of proton-sensing channels. they are activated by lowering extracellular pH. So far, at least six different ASIC subunits derived from 4 genes have been found in mammals [ 14 ]. Most of the ASIC subunits (i.e. ASIC1a and b, ASIC2a and b, and ASIC3) are expressed in both DRG cell bodies and peripheral terminals, which contribute to proton-induced pain signaling reebok shoes [ 15 - 18 ]. It is known that pain can be produced by tissue acidosis. Protons depolarize DRG neurons and generate action potenials through activating ASICs. For instance, direct application of an acidic solution into the skin induces non-adapting pain [ 19 ].
Above results indicated that activity of ASICs was inhibited by GW7647 in vitro . We finally determined whether GW7647 inhibition of ASICs was involved in pain-related behaviors in vivo . Rats displayed an intense flinch/shaking responses after acetic acid (0.6%) was injected into hindpaws. The nociceptive responses mainly occurred during 0-5 min after intraplantar injection of acetic acid [ 16 , 34 ]. We measured the number of flinches that rats spent licking and/or lifting the injected hindpaws. Figure 5A shows that nociceptive responses induced by acetic acid was potently reebok cross trainers blocked by pre-applied APETx2 (20 ¼M, 50 ¼l), a specific ASIC3 blocker, indicating the involvement of ASIC3 in the acidosis-induced nociception.
In the behavior experiments, we found that intraplantar administration of GW7647 relieved the acidosis-evoked nociceptive responses in rats in a dose-dependent manner. The GW7647 exerted an analgesic effect on acidosis-evoked nociceptive responses through PPAR-±, since its effect was blocked by PPAR-± antagonist. Obviously, the behavioral data corroborated the electrophysiological data and vice versa. The combined data strongly demonstrated that PPAR-± activation indeed inhibited the activity of ASICs, not only at the cellular level but also at the behavioral level.